When Liberal Party Leader Michael Ignatieff resigned as Liberal leader in 2011, Justin Trudeau emerged as a Canadian favourite, far before he even announced considerations of candidacy. With the party’s then interim leader Bob Rae also announcing that he would not be running for party leadership, Trudeau was hit with a “tsunami” of calls from supporters asking him to run for party leadership, reports the National Post.
Trudeau would go on to announce his candidacy and later win the office of Liberal Party Leader by a landslide of 80.1% of 30,800 votes, according to CBC. In the 2015 federal elections, CBC reports that he led the Liberal Party to a decisive majority of 184 out of 338 seats with 39.5% of the popular vote—the second best performance in the party’s history.
His victory speech began with a reference to Former Liberal Prime Minister Wilfred Laurier’s “sunny ways” (la « voie ensoleillée ») approach to bringing Canadians together despite their differences. He went on to say that Laurier knew how “politics can be a positive force, and that's the message Canadians have sent today.”
It was then quite the fall from grace when months of discontent within the Liberal Party resulted in Justin Trudeau declaring his resignation as party leader and Prime Minister on 6 January 2025, even after Trudeau’s government survived two no confidence motions in late 2024.
The legacy of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau remains a topic of mixed opinions. Domestically, he championed progressive causes such as medically assisted dying, legalising recreational cannabis, banning conversion therapy, and advancing feminism and abortion rights.
In his first term, for the first time in Canadian history, the Prime Minister’s Cabinet was ethnically diverse and equally split, with 15 men and 15 women. Trudeau hallmarked it “a cabinet that looks like Canada,” reports the Guardian. Post-COVID, he also unveiled an all-women taskforce to examine and address gender inequality issues laid bare by the pandemic.
His environmental policy also featured ambitious goals: reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, largely through a federal carbon pricing strategy. However, his environmental efforts were somewhat marred by his support for oil and gas pipelines for Canadian fossil fuel export.
Trudeau's government also initiated the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG), the Joint Federal-Provincial Commission into the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks, and a Public Inquiry into Foreign Interference in Federal Elections.
Under his leadership, the government pursued progressive immigration policies too, welcoming record numbers of immigrants and refugees in 2022 and 2023 despite concerns about housing and services. He fulfilled his campaign promise to withdraw Canadian air support from the Syrian civil war and welcomed 25,000 Syrian refugees.
The introduction of measures like the Canada Child Benefit has lifted 400,000 children out of poverty, Trudeau claims, as noted by a study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. However, by 2024, food bank usage reached record highs amidst global food crises and rising economic pressures, reports the Economic Times.
Most recently, the Trudeau government has sought to introduce a progressive tax scheme, where billions of dollars taxed from the rich would be redirected towards affordable housing, student loans and grants, work placement programs and rent subsidies. Al Jazeera reports that the budget proposes 53 billion CAD be redirected. Under the proposals, capital gains over 250,000 CAD would be taxed at 66.7%, up from 50%, raising nearly 20 billion CAD in revenue over five years.
A Legacy Marred by Scandal and Controversy
In his years as prime minister, Trudeau faced a myriad of scandals and controversies that damaged his reputation and ultimately contributed to his political downfall.
The first of these came in December 2017, when Canada’s ethics commissioner ruled that Trudeau had violated conflict-of-interest rules by accepting a vacation, gifts, and flights from the Aga Khan Foundation. This marked the first time a sitting Canadian prime minister had been found guilty of such a transgression, setting a troubling precedent.
Trudeau apologised publicly, acknowledging the breach, but did not face a fine or other formal penalties. However, as reported by Reuters, Trudeau's approval ratings, which stood at approximately 48% in 2017, declined following the incident. By December 2018, his approval rating had dropped to 35%, while disapproval surged to 58%.
Another significant blow to his leadership came in February 2019, when Former Justice Minister Jody Wilson-Raybould accused Trudeau and other senior government officials of pressuring her to intervene in a corruption trial involving the construction company SNC-Lavalin, reports CBC.
The fallout was severe, leading to the resignations of Wilson-Raybould and Treasury Board President Jane Philpott. For a leader who had styled himself as a feminist and a champion of ethics, Trudeau’s loss of two prominent women from his Cabinet was also particularly politically damaging.
Later that year, his liberal credentials were further questioned when shocking images of Trudeau wearing blackface surfaced during the 2019 election campaign. He later apologised, admitting he “should have known better,” but the incident significantly impacted his reputation as a progressive leader.
In 2021, Trudeau faced widespread criticism for choosing to vacation and surf on Canada’s first National Day for Truth and Reconciliation—a day meant to honour Indigenous children who suffered in the country’s residential school system. The decision was widely condemned as tone-deaf, especially given his government’s emphasis on reconciliation with Indigenous communities.
Trudeau’s government found itself embroiled in yet another controversy in September 2023, when a Nazi collaborator was applauded in the Canadian parliament. The speaker, Anthony Rota, introduced Yaroslav Hunka as a “Canadian hero” who fought for Ukrainian independence during World War II.
The standing ovation, which included Trudeau, sparked outrage after it was revealed that Hunka had served in the 14th Waffen-SS Grenadier Division, a Nazi-commanded unit implicated in atrocities against Jews and Poles. Although the division was not formally convicted of war crimes, the scandal highlighted a lack of due diligence and dealt another blow to Trudeau’s credibility.
Economic Criticisms
Trudeau’s handling of the Canadian economy has also been a persistent point of contention throughout his tenure. In the early days, he infamously remarked that the budget would “balance itself”—a statement critics have repeatedly used to question his economic acumen, considering it is one of the most commonly debunked assumptions of capitalist free market principles.
Under his leadership, Canada has grappled with rising inflation, stagnating economic growth, and an escalating housing crisis.
In 2015, when Trudeau took office, the average price of a house in Canada was CAD 413,000. By 2021, that figure had soared to CAD 811,700,a 97% increase compared to January 2015, reports the Office of the Parliamentary Budgetary Officer. This sharp rise is attributed to a combination of inadequate housing supply and record immigration levels.
Federal public servants raised alarms as early as 2022, noting that housing construction had not kept pace with the rapid population growth. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) warned in a slide deck obtained by The Canadian Press that "in Canada, population growth has exceeded the growth in available housing units."
The federal government has been welcoming large numbers of newcomers, with immigration targets for 2025 set to nearly double those of 2015, aiming to admit 500,000 permanent residents annually. This influx, combined with a surge in temporary residents, has exacerbated housing demand.
In fact, nearly three-quarters of Canada’s population growth between July and October 2023 comprised temporary residents, such as international students and temporary foreign workers, driving further pressure on housing.
Despite warnings from federal officials about the strain this population growth places on housing and services, the Liberal government has defended its immigration policy, emphasising the role immigrants play in bolstering the economy.
The government’s immigration strategy has resulted in increased public concern though, with polls showing that 75% of Canadians feel higher immigration levels are worsening the housing crisis, according to CBC.
Moreover, the Bank of Canada has acknowledged the role of rapid population growth in driving up rents and home prices, further intensifying the affordability crisis. Canada added 1.27 million people in 2023, up 3.2% from the previous year, and the highest rate since 1957, according to Reuters.
Additionally, inflation has surged during Trudeau’s tenure, reaching 6.8% in 2022, reports Reuters—the highest since 1991. Global factors like supply chain disruptions and commodity price spikes triggered by COVID-19 and the Ukraine war contributed to the inflation rate significantly. Many Canadians have criticised the government’s fiscal policies for failing to mitigate these pressures.
The centre-left Liberal Party is perceived to ignore the cost of living crisis and the pro-business Conservative Party has seized the opportunity to present itself as a champion of the people, according to Jacobin. It was also found that voters feel the 9 years in power have given the Liberal Party ample time to improve the quality of their lives but instead, they have been stuck with higher rent and stagnant wages.
Trudeau’s long-time ally, Former Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland, resigned in December 2023, publicly questioning his economic priorities. She accused him of focusing on vote-winning measures, such as a Christmas tax holiday, instead of preparing Canada’s finances to withstand external shocks like the 25% import tariffs threatened by US President-elect Donald Trump.
The Christmas tax holiday, which involved temporarily suspending sales taxes on certain goods during the holiday season to stimulate consumer spending, was seen as a populist move to boost Trudeau’s approval ratings ahead of the election. However, Freeland's resignation and criticism of such policies weakened support for Trudeau within his own party and from centrist voters, who viewed her departure as a sign of internal discord.
The New Democratic Party (NDP), a Social Democrat party, dissatisfied with the government’s fiscal policies, withdrew its backing of the minority Liberal government led by Trudeau, calling for more action on inequality and housing. The Green Party also raised concerns about the lack of a long-term economic strategy.
This erosion of support has left Trudeau's minority government increasingly isolated, as opposition parties, including the Conservatives and Bloc Québécois, capitalised on the discontent.
The Angus Reid Institute reports that Trudeau’s approval rates, which have been steady in the low 20s, have now plummeted to an all time low of 22%. While approval rates for Poilievre, the leader of the Conservative Party, have remained stagnant at 38%, his ratings remain significantly better than Trudeau and he is widely expected to win the 2025 federal elections.
Deteriorations in Several Foreign Policy Relations
India
Canada’s relationship with India deteriorated significantly under Trudeau’s leadership. Tensions reached a boiling point in 2023 when Trudeau publicly accused the Indian government of being involved in the murder of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, a Canadian Sikh leader and pro-Khalistan activist. Canada expelled six Indian diplomats including the high commissioner, linking them to the murder and alleging a broader effort to target Indian dissidents in Canada.
India vehemently denied the allegations and accused Trudeau of pursuing a “political agenda” and allowing Canada to become a haven for Khalistani extremists advocating for the secession of Punjab from India.
India retaliated by ordering the expulsion of six high-ranking Canadian diplomats including the acting high commissioner and said it had withdrawn its envoy from Canada, contradicting Canada's statement of expulsion. India also froze trade negotiations, and suspended visas for Canadian nationals.
Despite calls for Trudeau to adopt a more balanced approach, his government doubled down on its accusations, further straining ties with one of the world’s largest economies.
China
Under Justin Trudeau’s leadership, Canada-China relations have deteriorated significantly, damaged by diplomatic standoffs and economic tensions. A defining moment was the 2018 arrest of Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou in Vancouver at the request of the United States. This led to Beijing detaining two Canadians, Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor, on espionage charges, in what was widely seen as a retaliatory move.
The nearly three-year "two Michaels" saga cast a long shadow over Trudeau's tenure, as his government struggled to secure their release while navigating growing public and political pressures to adopt a tougher stance on China.
Economic ties also weakened during Trudeau’s leadership, with Canadian imports from China declining significantly in key provinces by 2023. Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec all saw their imports of Chinese goods decrease by 11.36%, 10.29%, and 18.06%, respectively, in 2023 as published by the University of Alberta, reflecting a broader shift in trade relations. Public opinion of China reached historic lows, with only 12% of Canadians viewing the country favourably, compared to 36% in 2017.
Trudeau’s government faced criticism for failing to decisively address allegations of Chinese interference in Canadian elections, further eroding trust. While efforts were made to stabilize relations, such as Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly's visit to Beijing in 2024, the deep mistrust on both sides highlighted the challenges Trudeau faced in managing Canada’s approach to a China increasingly seeking to assert itself on the global stage, while also maintaining close ties with the US.
Trudeau’s handling of these tensions has been criticised as emblematic of a broader failure to craft a coherent foreign policy toward China, leaving his successor with a legacy of strained relations and unresolved challenges. His administration marked a significant shift in how Canada navigated its relationship with China, moving from ambivalent relations to outright distrust post the 2018 diplomatic dispute, with one of its largest trading partners.
Gaza
Under Justin Trudeau’s leadership, unfulfilled promises and Canada’s response to the ongoing genocide in Gaza has drawn widespread condemnation.
In 2016, Trudeau's government promised to sign the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture, signalling a commitment to protecting human rights globally. However, this promise remains unfulfilled, even as mounting evidence from various humanitarian agencies such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International highlights the Israeli military’s use of torture against Palestinians, including children.
Despite these reports, Canada has continued to send military aid to Israel, with military exports reaching a record $30.6 million in 2023, as per Al Jazeera. Trudeau’s silence on the matter has led to accusations of hypocrisy, as his administration’s actions appear at odds with its stated human rights commitments.
The Trudeau government has also faced criticism for its refusal to provide refuge to Palestinians fleeing the devastating conflict. Amid an unprecedented humanitarian crisis in Gaza, where over 2 million people face dire conditions due to Israeli airstrikes and a total blockade, Canada refused to accommodate those seeking safety.
Trudeau’s administration has also implemented a faltering visa scheme which Palestinian Canadians consider a betrayal.
The Canadian government launched the special Gaza visa programme in 2024 allowing Canadian citizens and permanent residents to apply for their extended family members from Gaza to come to the country. However, families and immigration lawyers have criticised Canada's visa process for Palestinians, describing it as both confusing and invasive, reports Al Jazeera. Particularly, they point to the requirement of detailed work histories and medical questions that are not typically required.
Additionally, they accused the government of imposing stricter requirements on Palestinians than on other groups, such as Ukrainians, for whom Canada approved over 960,000 visas with an 81% approval rate,as reported by Al Jazeera. In contrast, the Gaza visa program has been limited to 5,000 visas, with only 733 Palestinian applications approved by 5 October 2024, and just 334 Palestinians having arrived in Canada by that time, according to the same source.
“When I saw Canada welcoming thousands of Ukrainian refugees fleeing war, I felt hopeful. I believed that the same compassion would extend to my family,” said Omar Omar, a representative of the advocacy group Gazan Families in a report published by Al Jazeera.
The lack of transparency and bureaucratic hurdles have left countless families in limbo, intensifying the suffering of those under the constant threat of losing their lives.
Trudeau’s rhetoric on Canada being a global leader in humanitarian efforts rings hollow in the face of this crisis. His refusal to take a clear stand against Israel’s actions, despite widespread international condemnation of the bombings in Gaza, has alienated many within Canada’s progressive circles.
This response to the genocide in Gaza reflects Trudeau’s broader foreign policy approach, which critics argue is shaped more by political expediency than principled leadership. Trudeau has issued several statements about the genocide (although never acknowledging it as such), including a joint statement on 26 July 2024 with the Prime Ministers of Australia and New Zealand where they condemn Hamas and call for a ceasefire.
They called upon Israel to “respond substantively to the ICJ’s advisory opinion, and ensure accountability for ongoing acts of violence against Palestinians by extremist settlers,” but have not taken any substantive action towards suspending weapon sales or offers of asylum.
The dissonance between Trudeau’s humanitarian rhetoric and contrasting practices has tarnished the legacy he once sought to build as a progressive and compassionate leader.
Saudi Arabia
Beyond India and Gaza, Trudeau’s foreign policy has faced scrutiny on other fronts as well. His strained relationship with Saudi Arabia reached a breaking point in 2018 when the foreign minister at the time, Chrystia Freeland, publicly criticised Saudi Arabia for its imprisonment of human rights activists, including Saudi-AmericanSamar Badawi. The backlash from Riyadh was swift: Saudi Arabia expelled Canada’s ambassador, suspended trade, and froze scholarships for Saudi students in Canada.
Despite a temporary moratorium on military exports to Saudi Arabia following the murder of critical Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi, Trudeau’s administration quietly doubled its military exports to the Gulf state in 2019, reports The Guardian. By 2022, Canada was also reported to export $2.2 billion worth of arms annually to Saudi Arabia, making it one of the largest suppliers of military equipment to the regime.
Canada's Disillusionment
Justin Trudeau's tenure as Canada’s prime minister, once defined by his promises of progressive reform and sunny optimism, has ended in a crescendo of discontent. With plummeting approval ratings and mounting scandals, Trudeau’s resignation marks the conclusion of a premiership that has struggled to live up to its initial promise.
The PM’s approval ratings have dropped precipitously from a peak of 65% in 2016 to an all-time low of 22% in 2024, according to the Angus Reid Institute. His waning popularity has been mirrored by growing unrest within the Liberal Party, with numerous calls for him to step aside well before the 2025 general election.
Many Canadians view his decision to resign as overdue. “He should have resigned over a year ago,” said Toronto resident Rob Gwett in a statement to Reuters, reflecting a sentiment echoed by both political allies and adversaries. Despite early successes in legalizing cannabis, advancing gender equity, and welcoming Syrian refugees, Trudeau’s administration has become overshadowed by accusations of hypocrisy, mismanagement, and ethical lapses.
The weight of unfulfilled promises has also taken its toll. While Trudeau presented himself as a climate champion, his environmental record has faced scrutiny for failing to meet emission reduction targets. His handling of foreign policy crises—from India and Saudi Arabia to China and Gaza—has further eroded public trust.
As Trudeau exits the stage, the Liberal Party faces an uncertain future. Once the face of modern, progressive Canada, his legacy is now a reflection of the challenges that come with balancing big promises and public expectations. For many Canadians, his departure is not just the end of an era but an opportunity to redefine the nation’s political trajectory, untethered from the contradictions and controversies of the Trudeau years.
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Keywords:
Justin Trudeau resignation, Trudeau legacy, Trudeau controversies, Trudeau accomplishments, Liberal Party of Canada, Trudeau ethics scandals, SNC-Lavalin controversy, Trudeau blackface scandal, Canada housing crisis 2024, Canada climate policy, Trudeau foreign policy, Trudeau and Indigenous reconciliation, Canadian federal election 2025 predictions, Trudeau immigration policies, Future of the Liberal Party after Trudeau.
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